famous biological psychologists famous biological psychologists

His early work in psycholinguistics is too complex to go into here, but in a nutshell, he worked out through painstaking observations on young children some of the ways in which the verbal morphology of a childs native language is inferred from the limited examples available to it. "Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. 2748. She is currently Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, and Director of that universitys Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. Specifically, ambulatory monitoring allows researchers to study real-time physiological modifications in conjunction with the subjects moment-to-moment activities, such as work and leisure. Tulving was born in the town of Petseri in the short-lived first Republic of Estonia in 1927. However, he was raised in Paris, where his parents had emigrated from Lithuania. Ekmans field of expertise is nonverbal communication in humans, especially the communication of emotions through facial expressions. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. Nadel has authored or co-authored more than 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. Study Conducted in 1968 in an Iowa classroom. biological psychology the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions and the reciprocal relations between biological and psychological processes. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of more than a dozen books. In addition, the PRG also developed a number of important tests and personality scales, notably, the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), which is comparable to the American 16PF Questionnaire and is the most frequently used such assessment tool in German-speaking countries. The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. The list comprises individuals in approximately equal numbers from each of the five following sub-disciplines: The overall list is in alphabetical order. She is the author or co-author of some 90 peer-reviewed journal articles and chapters of edited volumes, as well as the co-editor of an influential early work in the field, The Adapted Mind, among other volumes. Biological Approach By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2015 Biological psychology, also called physiological psychology, is the study of the biology of behavior; it focuses on the nervous system, hormones and genetics. In later work, Kahneman began to incorporate evolutionary theory more explicitly into his work, developing a two-system, fast/slow model of human thinking. It is sometimes alternatively called "psychophysiology," and in recent years also "cognitive neuroscience." Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. According to this theory, the fast system has been hard-wired in us by evolution to enable us to react quickly to stressful situations based on rough-and-ready, heuristic behavioral propensities. Related to this is the psychological parallelism theory of German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Haidt first became widely known for his work in the field of positive psychology (happiness research), especially for his 2005 book, The Happiness Hypothesis. During this time, he pioneered a new type of therapy called neurofeedback, whereby patients monitor their own brain states in real time in response to various positive and negative stimuli, eventually learning to improve control over their emotions. She is currently Professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology in the Department of Psychology at New York University-Steinhardt, as well as University Professor in NYUs School of Law. In this book, Goleman studies the emotions from biological, evolutionary, psychological, philosophical, and commonsense perspectives, showing the central role they play, not just in our affective life per se, but in all aspects of human cognition and action. His perceptive observations of animals resulted in his famous book on natural selection, which started an evolutionary revolution in the world of science. The focus of Tulvings research has been the human memory system. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who has primarily focused on child development and the psychology of education. To be happy, Haidt argues, we must re-train our social moral intuitions, and to do that, we need to consciously cultivate the wise traits, including insight into the appropriate occasions for reciprocity, the ability to change ones mind, humility, discrimination about the different kinds of love, turning adversity to advantage, the pursuit of virtue, and a sense of the divine, among others. This classification can be summarized by five positive character traits, or virtues, that make for an optimistic and resilient personality (known collectively by the acronym, PERMA), namely: Seligman is the author or co-author of around 280 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. He is currently the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. R.N. The European Brain and Behaviour Society publishes the journal Behavioural Brain Research and the Forum of European Neuroscience Societies publishes the Journal of Neuroscience. She received her bachelors degree from Etvs Lornd University (ELTE) in Budapest. She has also been deeply involved in developing new methods for studying the emotions, notably the experience sampling method, which is an effort to quantify and measure the quality of everyday life. Pinker began his career with a focus on the computational theory of mind (the idea that the brain is a computer and thinking a program), particularly in relation to language. Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. Fahrenberg has co-authored some 150 journal articles with other members of the PRG, as well as editing a number of textbooks. [6] Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. There is little that modern psychology can teach us about the deepest wellsprings of the human heart-or, to put it more scientifically, o the nature and causes of human motivation and actionthat has not already been far better expressed by the poets, playwrights, and novelists down through the ages. Soon, however, she felt that another component was needed-religious faith. Test-Optional Universities Threaten SAT/ACT Credibility: Part I. Szokolszky was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1956. Theories of the relationship between body and mind date back at least to Aristotle, who conjectured that the two exist as aspects of the same entity, the mind being merely one of the bodys functions. One study for which Rutter won early acclaim was his 1972 book entitled Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, which was a careful re-evaluation of the evidence for and against psychiatrist John Bowlbys 1951 maternal deprivation theory (later expanded upon in his celebrated 1969 Attachment and Loss trilogy). In Western Philosophy, some of the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. She is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has sought to extend this approach to education with his theory of self-regulated learning, and to clinical psychology with his theory of self-efficacy, or self-control. "Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult animals. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). (Estonia was absorbed into the USSR in 1940, and the second Republic was established in 1991; however, Tulvings birthplace, now known as Pechory, presently lies just across the border inside Russia.) Following undergraduate and graduate studies in psychology, sociology and philosophy in Freiburg, London, and Hamburg, Fahrenberg did his doctoral and post-doctoral work at the University of Freiburg, completing his Habilitationsschrift on the psychophysiological roots of personality there in 1966. Diener was born in Glendale, California, in 1946. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. Bandura began teaching at Stanford in 1953. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. He has described this experience in the following terms: Being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. While Spelke supports the idea that many or most of our cognitive abilities have an innate, or biological, foundation, after long empirical study she has concluded that there is no evidence for any systematic biological difference between males and females with respect to any of the several cognitive capacities underlying general mathematical ability (numerical reasoning, spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, etc.). Tomasello was born in Bartow, Florida, in 1950. Kahneman received his bachelors degree in psychology and mathematics in 1954 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. Gilligan (ne Friedman) was born in New York City in 1936. However, while to our modern eyes this history may appear unfortunate, giving rise to racism, the tendency itself is not really linked to race as such (which is in any case a modern social construct). Prominent cases involved purported mass child molestation and Satanic rituals. Kahneman and Tversky felt that rational choice theory was unrealistic, and they set out to develop more empirically adequate models by making the more realistic assumption of bounded rationality. Studying the effects of brain injuries and mental illnesses in human behavior. Pinker was also involved during the 1980s in a significant, if highly technical, dispute over connectionist models of mind and speech. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. In a nutshell, the all-nurture (or blank-slate) theory of human reasoning ability is now untenable in light of Gopniks findings. Beyond heritability: Twin studies in behavioral research. These components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. Rosch is especially known for several empirically based contributions, such as our reliance on prototypes to characterize categories. Gilligan felt that girls and women attain moral maturity by a different path; more importantly, she argued that moral decision-making by women in general takes place in a different voice than that by men. While his ideas were often controversial, his concept of the unconscious mind has had a deep and lasting influence on psychology. British anthropologist James George Frazer is best known for his book The Golden Bough, which details his study of ancient cults and myths. Tomasello has been elected a fellow of the national academies of science of Germany, Hungary, and Sweden. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. The experiment was run on large numbers of children who were then followed longitudinally, so that it became possible to correlate test results with various academic and life outcomes over time. Gopnik was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1955. Descartes believed that the flow of animal spirits influences their behavior. Kurzbans own work has been very wide-ranging, drawing on insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and experimental economics, in addition to evolutionary theory. Most recently, he maintained in The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011) that an objective analysis of human history gives reason for optimism, despite the fashionable pessimism of our cultural moment. He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. He also received his Ph.D. from Penn, in 1983. Essentials of Human Memory (Psychology Press, 2013) 5. It should also be noted that philosopher Hannah Arendts thesis of the banality of evil[14] and psychologist Stanley Milgrams experiments on obedience to authority[15] both corroborate Zimbardos results. He is the recipient of numerous grants, awards, and prizes, has held a number of prestigious board memberships and editorships in his field, and is a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Psychology Society(APS). He is also Director of Research at Mindlab International, an internationally recognized neuromarketing firm. The Shepard tone and accompanying Shepard scale create the auditory illusion of a tone that continually rises or falls in pitch, yet without ever getting any higher or lower. One of his major contributions has involved modeling prediction in relation to audition. The good news is that since the so-called set-point for subjective well-being appears not to be immutable, therapeutic intervention may potentially be beneficial. Another protocol that Posner has played a crucial role in popularizing within the cognitive psychology community is the so-called subtractive method, which basically attempts to decompose a complex cognitive task into a sequence of simpler operations by comparing the effects of the presence and the absence of a given operation. Psychology 101. After his military service in the Israeli Defense Forces, Kahneman went to the US, where he received his Ph.D. in psychology in 1961 from the University of California, Berkeley. Ariely and other behavioral economists (see Daniel Kahneman, below) replace this vastly over-simplified presupposition with a more realistic analysis of human motivation that takes into account many more factors that go into making real-world decisions. His father was an immigrant to Canada from Poland, while his mother hailed from Ukraine. Convinced that seemingly irrational behavior usually has a rational explanation, Aronson is also known for what he calls his First Law-namely, People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy. In particular, she noted early in her career that the mathematical models she was attempting to develop to represent the way infants learn to interact successfully with the world around them were formally similar to Bayesian networks, an application of graph theory to the theory of probability that had been independently developed by philosophers of science to try to understand the way science works, especially in the form of non-deductive logical inference (induction and inference to the best explanation). (The hippocampus is a structure within the limbic system of the brain, between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.) Evolutionary psychologists attempt to explain widespread and deep-seated human behaviors in terms of selection pressure in the context of the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)in our case, the African savannah in the Pleistocene era. For many decades, biopsychology or psychobiology has been a site of exchange of concepts, information, and techniques between psychology and the biological sciences. Among the many concepts Gergen has introduced into the social psychology vocabulary are the cycle of progressive infirmity (by which psychological diagnoses impact subjects self-understanding for the worse) and generative theory (the idea that the social sciences do not objectively describe the social world so much as theorize it in ways that open up new possibilities for collective action). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172. Fahrenberg was born in Berlin in 1937. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Association(APA). He returned to Israel with his family when he was three years old, and grew up in the town of Ramat HaSharon. Schmidt Mast has also made pioneering use of technology to investigate interpersonal behavior and communication, as well as to analyze nonverbal behavior in social interactions. During his time in medical school, he earned his living by his pen (he published his first novel at the age of 16!). Most commonly, these manipulations and measurements concern non-human subjects. Although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including: In the past, physiological psychologists received much of their their training in psychology departments in major universities. 10. Unlike other subdivisions within biological psychology, the main focus of physiological psychological research is the development of theories that explain brain-behavior relationships rather than the development of research that has translational value. Martin Seligman. Indeed, My fascination in studying the human behavior, what factors have played any role into shaping it, the biological, physiological, psychological, historical, and environmental approaches about our existence . Seligman is a pioneer of so-called positive psychology-the psychology, not of the many forms of neurosis and unhappiness, but of what makes people happy. The detonation went . [10] Although a "forgotten man" of American psychology, Dunlap also founded the journal Psychobiology. 2. Lewis also conducted research into the interaction between breathing and emotion, which resulted in a new form of breath-control therapy (Bo-tau) for controlling anxiety, phobic responses, and panic attacks. Shepard was born in Palo Alto, California, in 1929. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). In 1940, on the eve of World War II, Rutter was sent to the US, where he attended the Moorestown Friends School in New Jersey. [12] Rutter found that Bowlbys thesis-maternal deprivation lies at the root of most developmental pathology and subsequent personality disorderwas at best oversimplified. After graduating, Shepard worked for a time at Bell Labs, before accepting a teaching position at Harvard University. 9. ), a physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. He emigrated to the US in 1956, at the age of 22. beliefs) about human behavior: the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study, and what research methods are appropriate for undertaking this study (Saul McLeod, 2007). Currently, physiological psychologists are also be trained in behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology programs that are affiliated with psychology departments, or in interdisciplinary neuroscience programs. He also serves as Editor-in-Chief of Evolution and Human Behavior, and is the author or co-author of around 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of seven books. Note that the French-British psychologist David Lewis should not be confused with the philosopher David K. Lewis, the psychiatrist David A. Lewis, or the evolutionary psychologist David M.G. He then received his doctorate in 1991 and his Habilitation in 1996, both in psychology and both from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt. A biological psychologist performs several responsibilities in their job role, including: Conducting research studies on human sensory processes. He received his bachelors degree in physics in 1957 and his masters degree in psychology in 1959, both from the University of Washington. Pargament has courted controversy by questioning the overwhelmingly rejectionist status quo of the psychology profession, and by maintaining that religious training, preferably along pluralistic lines, ought to be a mandatory component of the education of psychotherapists. Dualism is a family of views about the relationship between mind and physical matter. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. He is currently Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Director of the Penn Positive Psychology Center. Pinker was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1954. Martin E. P. Seligman is perhaps best known for his theory of "learned helplessness.". The third grade teacher developed an exercise, or better yet, a psychological experiment, to help her Caucasian students understand the . In his popular books, he has focused on the light that he believes psycholinguistics and developmental psychology can throw on the biological roots of morality, religion, literature, and artall the things that, as he puts it, make us human. Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. Other areas of study have included the physiological bases for motivated behaviour, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, and mental disorders. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. Eleanor Rosch, Principles of Categorization [PDF], in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization. It also addresses topics such as behavior-changing brain lesions, chemical responses in the brain, and brain-related genetics. He explained that "humidity" inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of "breath" changes: Happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders.[4]. Note the studied equivocation in this formulation regarding the ontological status of the perceived world structure (one might well wonder what the point of such a close mapping might be, if perceived world structure did not in turn map closely onto real world structure). Very recently, Haidt has taken a lot of heat from the cultural left by suggesting that there needs to be a greater diversity of opinion in American academia. Buss works in the area known as evolutionary psychology. He also taught social anthropology at Cambridge. Finally, Rosch also did highly influential theoretical work that sought to clarify the very idea of categorization at a philosophical level. Pargament is the author or co-author of around 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or editor of five books. He soon moved to the U.S. and earned his MA in 1951 and PhD in 1952 at the University of Iowa. Psychology has long placed an emphasis on the contributions of male psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson, and other thinkers. Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. Tulving is the author or co-author of some 225 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of five books. Our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain-physiology must be presupposed or included in Psychology.[8]. Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. She received her bachelors degree summa cum laude in English literature in 1958 from Swarthmore College, her masters degree in clinical psychology in 1961 from Radcliffe College, and her Ph.D. in social psychology in 1964 from Harvard University. The recipient of many awards and honors, Damon has received grants supporting his research from such prestigious organizations as the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. Functional neuroanatomy is the method in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. Pointing to the drastic decline in all the metrics of young peoples skills and behavior during this period, he argues that parents, schools, and others who have consciously discarded the commonsense attitudes and practices that had prevailed for centuries, putting a much more permissive set of rules and structures in their place, are in large part responsible for this decline. Together with John Tooby, Cosmides co-founded and co-directs the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at UC-Santa Barbara. Schrger was born in Munich, Germany, in 1958. In particular, he analyzes the many ways in which human beings are prone to cognitive illusions, and how such mistakes affect our lives. In addition to his many essays, book reviews, and op-ed pieces for the popular press, Pinker has published around 180 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 14 books. Mystery bundle of pins - almost 50% off my bulk pricing but what you get is a mystery! Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT).