abbasid dynasty achievements abbasid dynasty achievements

But despite the Caliphs slowly turning away from knowledge, the Baghdad House of Wisdom remained a major destination for scholars all over the known world until its destruction. What are four achievements of the Abbasid empire? Like America, algebra had always been there. What does it mean to call someone a huckleberry? Navigation was another field of specialty of Muslims of the Abbasid Caliphate. 5 When did the Abbasid dynasty start and end? True, the Islamic world is given due credit for its technological advancements, rich culture, and intriguing history of politics, but many still ignore the history behind these buzz words; the history of the Abbasid Dynasty. The spread of Abbasid technologies such as windmills and hand cranks and the influence of Abbasid technologies in astronomy and navigation defined the shape of the Early Modern Period and our modern world. Siege of Baghdad by Unknown, 1303. Your email address will not be published. After over one hundred years of rapid growth, the Islamic caliphates ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) and the Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) consolidated and maintained Muslim power by. The seminal work on Algebra comes from Al-Khwarizm the pioneer of Algebra, wrote that given an equation, collecting the unknowns on one side of the equation is called 'al-Jabr.' Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? and more. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate can be attributed to several factors, including: Political instability: The Abbasid Caliphs faced several challenges to their authority. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks, a Sunni Muslim Turkish dynasty, invaded the Abbasid Caliphate and established their own empire. 1. By the time of Al-Mamuns reign in the early 9th century, the Abbasid Caliphate was one of the worlds richest and most developed empires. Abu Ja'far al Mansur was noted for establishing the Abbasid caliphate. True or False: The Abbasid Dynasty could draw blood relation to the Prophet Muhammed, unlike the Umayyad Caliphate. While the Abbasids themselves were descendants of the Arab clans of Mecca, their policies were careful to give importance to converts from other ethnicities and religious minorities. Soon after, in 1258, the dynasty fell during a Mongol siege of Baghdad. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/abu-jafar-al-mansur-1789197. The Buyids, Seljuks, and other dynasties gained power in Baghdad and used the caliphs for legitimacy, but they ruled the empire themselves. 754 - 775 Reign of Al-Mansur over the Abbasid Caliphate . What was the Abbasid empire known for and where was its capital? Mile by mile, the Abbasid Dynasty shrunk dramatically after the end of its Golden Age in 861. Alongside the burning of the Great Library of Alexandria, the destruction of the Baghdad House of Wisdom is considered a major tragedy in the history of science. What brought an end to Islams golden age? Scholars at an Abbasid library. The power of the army officers had already weakened through internal rivalries when the Iranian Byids entered Baghdad in 945, demanding of al-Mustakf (944946) that they be recognized as the sole rulers of the territory they controlled. 4 0 obj The Abbasids were a powerful clan that had been loyal to the Prophet Muhammad and his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Why was Baghdad important to the Abbasid Empire? This marked the end of the Abbasid Dynasty. At the time of the Caliph Al-Mamun, diplomatic missions were tasked with gathering books from different countries in order to translate them at the Baghdad House of Wisdom. Most of these routes went through the Middle East. What were 5 achievements of the Islamic Golden Age? The history of the spread of Islam spans about 1,400 years. One way the Abbasid dynasty was able to spread written knowledge so quickly was their improvements on printing technology they had obtained from the Chinese; some historians believe this technology was taken after the Battle of Talas between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang Dynasty in 751. Direct link to David Alexander's post Government, money and cul, Posted 2 years ago. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Direct link to David Alexander's post As Islamic traders fanned, Posted 3 years ago. Al Mansur's father Muhammad was a prominent member of the Abbasid family and the great-grandson of the revered Abbas; his mother was an enslaved Berber. /Outlines 51 0 R How much does dehydration affect blood pressure? Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Aswath Damodaran, finance professor at NYU, assesses Adani Enterprises in light of Get FAIR Magazine delivered directly to your place. The Chinese had guarded paper making as a secret, but when the Tang lost the battle, the Abbasids captured knowledgeable paper makers as prisoners of war, forcing them to reproduce their craft. Open revolt in 747, under the leadership of Ab Muslim, led to the defeat of Marwn II, the last Umayyad caliph, at the Battle of the Great Zab River (750) in Mesopotamia and to the proclamation of the first Abbasid caliph, Ab al-Abbs al-Saff. What Was the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? He returned to the Hijaz and died at Taif in 687 AD. She authored the forward for "The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Crusades.". Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The 13th century Mongol Invasion of Hulagu Khan ended the caliphate's reign in 1258. The social content brewed by Umayyad policies opened the doors for political upheaval. What was the Abbasid empire known for and where was its capital? The Abbasids conquered the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled the Islamic world from Damascus in Syria, and moved the center of Islamic power into Baghdad, built by the Abbasids as their capital. Though territory and power were lost to various competing dynasties from the late 10th century, there . Description. (community), as opposed to the oppressively anti-non-Arab regime of the Umayyad Caliphate. Rallied under their leader, the Prophet Muhammed, in the 7th century, the Arabs (mainly under the Umayyad Caliphate) pressed deep into western territories. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. what did they adopt from these people?, what did the Abbasids do to the high class Arabs? The threat of the Ghaznavid Empire and Seljuk Turks proved too much to bear. Updated on March 05, 2019. During the reign of Caliph Al-Mansur in the 8th century, a great library was constructed in the middle of Baghdad. Twit. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The remnants of the Umayyad Dynasty took refuge in Al-Andalus in modern-day Spain. <> 6 0 obj This was the result of several factors, mainly civil wars, the Zanj and Qarmatian revolts, political interference by the Turkish and Daylamite soldiers, military iqta and the activity of the ayyarun. Why did the Abbasid Dynasty encourage, but not force, non-Muslims to convert to Islam? The Abbasid Caliphs were known for their religious tolerance. Importantly, non-Arab Muslims were fully welcomed into the Abbasid ummah (community), as opposed to the oppressively anti-non-Arab regime of the Umayyad Caliphate. Come the 11th century. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. He studied economy, sociology, public policy, and history and worked as a researcher for think tanks and consulting firms. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Abbasids descended from Abbas Ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who the paternal uncle of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Non-Arabs were treated as second-class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam, and this discontent cutting across faiths and ethnicities ultimately led to the Umayyads overthrow. Direct link to Talha Ahmed's post Power struggles, successi, Posted 2 years ago. True or False: The reign of the Abbasid Dynasty in the Middle East coincides with the duration of the Islamic Golden Age. However, the lack of stability at the time of the Umayyad Caliphate did not allow for the development of important trade centers in the Islamic Empire. stream f&1Unv73I0 hN |Z*xH`e*@dw?\sLPb(PLiS The Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, which marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate. Abbasid developments in astronomy, math, science, and more permeated throughout the world. This was a golden age within the golden age, as the rule of the Abbasid Dynasty (8th to 13th century) is widely regarded as the Islamic Golden Age. Avicenna, known for his philosophical work, is also revered as a great doctor who produced two encyclopedias in the field: The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. Many forms of art flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, including ceramics, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, woodwork, and calligraphy. Required fields are marked *. It was the second of the two greatest dynasties, overthrowing the Umayyads to gain control, and destroyed by the invasion of the Mongols. They established an independent emirate, while Berber tribes independently ruled in modern-day Morocco and Algeria. What are 3 accomplishments of the Abbasid Caliphate? <> After destroying the collection of the Library of Baghdad by tossing thousands of books into the nearby Tigris River, people reportedly saw the river turn black with ink. What were the technological advancements of the Song Dynasty? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. endobj Does Costco sell Knotts Berry Farm tickets? endobj Doctor and philosopher Avicenna wrote the. In 1258, the library was burned in the aftermath of the storm of Baghdad by the Mongol troops of Hulagu Khan, grandson of Ghengis Khan. Advancements in glassmaking, textile production, and natural power through windmills serve as practical technological advancements within the Abbasid Caliphate. Did Al-Khwarizmi "invent" algebraic equations? The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. 5 0 obj What 3 things led to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty? endobj The Abbasid Dynasty immediately began expanding its authority, intending to draw support from every citizen within its widespread kingdom and from powers abroad. 5 0 2. The authority of the Abbasid caliphs began to fade, and the people of the Islamic world lost trust in Abbasid leadership. Soon after its completion, the new capital lived up to the ambitions of Al-Mansur and became a major center for trade, culture, and science. The Abbasid Caliphate had a long and eventful history that spanned over five centuries. By the 14th century, most of their treatises were translated into European languages. The Umayyad Caliphate: The Largest Islamic State. 1 0 obj Marking a fairly well-defined end to the Abbasid Caliphate, the Mongol Invasion of Hulagu Khan swept through the Islamic world, crushing city after city. The loyalty and trust conferred upon us by our constantly growing number of influential readers distinguishes our work, and motivates us to maintain a quality and integrity in our journalism. ESTRj!K@d%1kkkG)`0{@oayFm2%u8Vr Q$!roNWs WM0+gb m^HJu/|3%"'*ueXu3$pTK-9QW$5Mud3rc3sqAZc/d?"]$#4@lvl7kS?jIA\ZkA`.AQZ.n9xHuNd = 7{hHoW8BAS"7 WA It was the Seljuk Turks who would face the combined might of Christianity in the famous Crusades of the Middle Ages. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Al-Khawarizmis work also contributed to popularizing the use of Arabic numerals worldwide. We don't publish articles that overlap substantially with articles published elsewhere.Note for the Contributors. The palace of the Caliph stood in the midst of a vast park several hours in circumference, which beside a menagerie and aviary comprised an enclosure for wild animals reserved for the chase. It's "inventor" was merely a "finder". The development of the library stopped in the times of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in the late 9th century, when more rigorous religious movements started replacing the progressive Mutazilites, who had deeply sponsored this scientific and cultural growth. C>^l'/%muh*):|?owV1PikReK;$[Q+s+=@;/2J/ B)"*Xn/)+7q:1?-/]#( ^\>VP;RA`e|),Id(Ev\I;(;( ;0Dsb[x=Y>- 2hYy3v>$ww|.>o"QGB8DS8-4((+_x' WMPd$h2:lc 5v*S 1`fW>yO ~z1+%E[!XGi@s IP) Direct link to jason.agus's post Baghdad was located betwe, Posted 3 years ago. Moreover, the Caliphs court was open to all the Muslim ethnicities that composed the empire. Omissions? They contributed significantly to the development of later schools of thought, such as existentialism, while basing themselves on a very progressive and daring reading of the Quran and religious texts. In China, papermaking was a practice reserved for elites, but the Arabs learned how to produce texts on a larger scale, establishing paper mills which made books more accessible. Abu Muslim (d. 755 CE), the man responsible for establishing the Abbasid Dynasty, also became his target, owing to his increasing power; the mutilated body of his houses beneficiary was unceremoniously discarded in the Tigris River. Updates? The Abbasid rulers kept their attention on these scholarly pursuits, eager to integrate discoveries into military expeditions and shows of courtly power. Converting enemies with Abbasid Dynasty requires building the house of wisdom, and then building the culture wing from within the house of wisdom. The Abbasid Empire was a time of finding ways to make the Islam society better. Money was concentrated there. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. Baghdad was strategically located between Asia and Europe, which made it a prime spot on overland trade routes between the two continents. During the time of the Abbasids, the caliph was usually the son (or other closest male . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Snell, Melissa. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". What are four achievements of the Abbasid empire? He burned its colleges and libraries, including the Grand Library of Baghdad. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. The Abbasid Dynasty's advancements in science, math, astronomy, literature, art, and architecture are all considered great highpoints in Islamic culture and society. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It was in this spirit that the capital was moved from Damascus in Syria to Baghdad in Iraq in 762. 2023 FAIR. This, in turn, led to an increase in production, which further contributed to the empires food security, prosperity, and stability. His brothers led the Abbasid family while the Umayyads were still in power. Sign up to highlight and take notes. The Umayyads, headed by Ab Sufyn, were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centred at Mecca. Image credit: The Abbasids built Baghdad from scratch while maintaining the network of roads and trade routes the Persians had established before the Umayyad Dynasty took over. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the Tang Annals, the most important of these being those of Abul Abbas al-Saffah, the first Abbasid caliph; his successor Abu Jafar; and Harun al-Rashid. It said that the term algorithm is derived from his name. How do you use a fire extinguisher answer? Gradually, the Arabs of the Abbasid Dynasty diminished in power. Soon, the black flag of the Abbasid Dynasty was waving above embassies and political processions in East Africa and China and above Islamic armies assailing the Byzantine Empire in the west. what made Baghdad center for intellectual activity? The Caliph was in Baghdad. During this time, the caliphate witnessed several ups and downs, and it went through numerous changes. How did the question of leadership influence the development of Islam and the Muslim world? External invasions: The Crusaders and Mongols invaded the Middle East and weakened the Abbasid Caliphates power and influence. Moreover, Al-Kindi, another philosopher, is also known as one of the earliest doctors to distinguish between body illnesses and mental illnesses.. Here is a list of the 8 main achievements realized under the Abbasid Caliphate. For many years, the Abbasid Dynasty dominated the Middle East's Islamic caliph. The city was given a circular form and was fortified by two walls that circled the town. Abbasid Dynasty Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era Direct link to Maddieha8's post How did the question of l, Posted 3 years ago. A map of the extent of the Abbasid Dynasty from 750 to 1258. Ibn Al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen, contributed greatly to the field of optics. Christians, Jews, and other practices were also subjugated. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, the leader of the Abbasid forces, defeated the Umayyads in the Battle of the Zab. Abdullah Ibn Abbas was appointed governor of Basrah by the Caliph Ali which office he held for some time. What powerful Islamic state preceded the Abbasid Dynasty? Such policies allowed the development of a strong military, good education, and, most importantly, encouraged the proliferation of trade relations with other major powers. when. Finally, the Golden Age of Islam produced numerous astronomers, such as Al-Battani, who improved the measurement of the precession of the Earths axis. -Umayyad rulers became corrupt and had alienated non-Arabs. Isabella and Ferdinand in Granada, Fall of the Sassanid Empire: The Arab Conquest of Persia 633-654 CE. %PDF-1.4 % This marked the beginning of the golden age of Islamic civilization. . Great advances were made in many areas of science, mathematics, and medicine. These technologies quickly spread worldwide as the Abbasid Dynasty expanded its influence. What Was the Silk Road & What Was Traded on It. "successor"; civic and religious leader of an Islamic state (called a caliphate). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Also know, what did the Abbasid dynasty accomplish? It was during this period that a beautiful and distinctive style of art and architecture emerged that spread throughout Muslim lands. A map of the city of Baghdad. Melissa Snell is a historical researcher and writer specializing in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Britains Information Research Department: Is it Secret Propaganda? >> Umayyad Muslims are referred to as Sunni Muslims while Abbasid Muslims are called the Shiites. The Abbasid Caliphate was a great patron of science. Although these troops were converted to Islam, the base of imperial unity through religion was gone, and some of the new army officers quickly learned to control the caliphate through assassination of any caliph who would not accede to their demands. The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. Abstract. Great advances were made in many areas of science, mathematics, and medicine. Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. They founded several institutions of learning, including the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a center of intellectual activity. 751 CE: The Abbasid Caliphate emerged victorious in the Battle of Talas against the Chinese Tang Dynasty. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. But Islamic scholars did not limit themselves to the translation of foreign documents. Ibn al-Haythm invented the first camera and was able to form an explanation of how the eye sees. News. The promotion of inclusivity contributed greatly to internal peace and stability. Despite that, the newly-established Abbasid Caliphate dominated most of the Muslim world. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Abu Ja'far al Mansur was noted for establishing the Abbasid caliphate. Immense streets, none less than forty cubits wide, traversed the city from one end to the other, dividing it into blocks or quarters, each under the control of an overseer or supervisor, who looked after the cleanliness, sanitation and the comfort of the inhabitants. In 1171 the last caliph died. Discover the incredible history of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the most significant and influential Islamic empires in the world. In that regard, it is worth noting that bureaucracy was given to Persians, who got their inspiration from the Sassanid Empire, to remodel the governance of the Islamic Empire. Here is a list of the 8 main achievements realized under the Abbasid Caliphate. Seven men sit in front of a bookshelf; one man is reading from an opened book. Trade grew, cities flourished. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. In addition to their desire to have a comprehensive library of knowledge and the. The second and first centuries B.C. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. The combination of these three generally stimulates intellectual activity. The Abbasid Caliphs were patrons of several scientists that contributed greatly to technology, mathematics, chemistry, and physics. He died in 653 AD. Map of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century. Jews, Christians, and other practitioners of non-Islamic religions were not heavily subjugated or exiled, but they still paid exclusive taxes and did not possess the full rights of Islamic Arab men. The last four caliphs were no more than a local Egyptian dynasty, without power, influence, or hope. Corrections? A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.The Abbasid dynasty controlled the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. Direct link to ricardo kelly's post What made Baghdad such a , Posted 3 years ago. Extraordinary achievements were made in architecture and arts in general. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. For the first time, the caliphate was not coterminous with Islam. Under the Abbasids the caliphate entered a new phase. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate began in the 10th century when the Buyid dynasty, a Shia Muslim Persian dynasty, gained power in Baghdad. Medicine occupied a prominent place in Islamic society. The Abbasid Caliphate becomes a center of learning from the 9th to the 13th centuries, collecting the knowledge of India, China and ancient Greece while also making significant new contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, medicine and geography. Abbasid Caliphate (7501258) Mamluk Sultanate (12611517). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. What are the insecurities of a narcissist? The caliphs of this era were great patrons of science, art, and literature. The Abbasid Dynasty's greatest achievements lie in its preservation and advancement of knowledge obtained from Classical Era texts. The Abbasids were an Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire (save some western parts) after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE, later on, their empire fragmented, however, they retained spiritual supremacy as caliphs until 1258 CE. They created a great and brilliant civilization. What were the 2 main problems why the Abbasid dynasty failed? This metaphor of cultural destruction portrays how the population felt the devastation of their collective knowledge. Arab ships were considered the top of navigation technology. Abbasid Dynasty: Architecture and Science Flourish The collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate ushered in the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. With the rise of the Abbasids, the base for influence in the empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality. The Abbasid Caliphs were known for their architectural achievements. But Mamluks had first appeared in the Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century and even after their overthrow by the Ottomans they continued to form an important part of Egyptian Islamic society and existed as an influential group until the 19th century. (If so, why isn't it shown in today's modern textbooks?). Islam by the first caliph, Ab Bakr (632634), made it possible to channel the expansion of the Arab. Because Islamic rule unified much of the Eastern world, thus abolishing many boundaries, trade was freer, safer, and more extensive than it had been since the time of Alexander the Great. Power was concentrated there. Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate (661-750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). The rise of the Abbasid Dynasty meant the end of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), a powerful state formed after the death of Muhammed. Overview After the death of Muhammad, Arab leaders were called caliphs. of the users don't pass the Abbasid Dynasty quiz! What are 2 Major achievements of the Abbasid empire? 1 What are four achievements of the Abbasid empire? TrueSteamAchievements. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. The Island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf was an important place for navigation technologies and was in the middle of trade sea roads connecting the Middle East to India and beyond. They developed algebra, created astronomical instruments, and made advances in medicine. The Silk Road was the network of trade routes that linked China to Europe. Chief Muslim leaders after Muhammads death were referred to as Caliphs.The era of the Abbasid Caliphs construction and rule of Baghdad is known as the, After the death of Muhammad and a relatively brief period of rule by the Rashidun Caliphs, the. Direct link to aubrey rogers's post How did the Islamic Golde, Posted 2 years ago. The name is derived from that of the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, al-Abbs (died c. 653) of the Hashemite clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. They established trade routes that connected the Middle East with Europe, Africa, and Asia. Why did the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads? The Abbasid Caliphs were great patrons of art and literature. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? He is also known for his approach to experimentation. More precisely, the Abbasid ruling elite was Shia (or Shi'ite) Muslims, subscribing to the belief that the rulers of the Islamic faith should be descendants of the Prophet Muhammed himself. Rallying support from Arabs and non-Arabs, the Abbasids led a campaign known as the Abbasid Revolution. Despite some ethnic conflict, such as the 1066 massacre of Spanish Jews, the Arab world promoted both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who made significant achievements in art and literature,. Fcr(. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH ). Ranging widely to survey the entire five-century history of the Abbasid dynasty, Tayeb El-Hibri examines the resilience of the Caliphate as an institution, as a focal point of religious definitions, and as a source of legitimacy to various contemporary Islamic monarchies. These same philosophers contributed greatly to other fields, such as medicine, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.