He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Website. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Editor: Paul Halsall. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Plutarch, writing much . This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Examples include journal articles, reviews . Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Newspapers. A primary source (also called original . [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. They had, however, fallen on hard times. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Click the title for location and availability information. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Pueblo, CO 81001. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Websites. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Learning in Black and White. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom.